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About Dice
A dice is typically a small, throwable object that has multiple faces (most commonly six) and possible positions that indicate a number (or something else), used for generating random numbers and events. They are typically used for tabletop games, which include a wide variety of games, as well as for gambling. Examples of tabletop games that involve the use of dice include games like backgammon, Boggle, and Yahtzee, where dice are a central component of the game. Some other well-known tabletop games include Monopoly, Risk, Dungeons and Dragons, and Settlers of Catan.
Common Dice Shapes
The most commonly used dice shapes are polyhedral dice, which are three-dimensional shapes with flat faces. Each face has a number or symbol, and when the die is rolled, it will land on one of these faces, determining the result.
Tetrahedron
4 faces
A pyramid-shaped die with four triangular faces. Commonly used in tabletop RPGs.
Cube
6 faces
The standard die shape with six square faces. Most common in traditional games.
Octahedron
8 faces
An eight-sided die with triangular faces. Popular in D&D for damage rolls.
Pentagonal Trapezohedron
10 faces
A ten-sided die with kite-shaped faces, often used for percentile rolls.
Dodecahedron
12 faces
A twelve-sided die with pentagonal faces. Used for certain weapons in RPGs.
Icosahedron
20 faces
The iconic twenty-sided die with triangular faces, central to D&D gameplay.
Although these are the most common die shapes, there are many other polyhedral dice, or dice of other shapes. There are also non-numeric dice, dice that do not follow a counting sequence that begins at one, and even spherical dice.
How Random is a Dice?
Based on probability, a die should have an equal probability of landing on each of its faces. However, this is not necessarily the case with mass-produced dice as they cannot be truly random, since it is difficult to mass produce dice that are uniform, and there may be differences in the symmetry of the dice. Each dice, particularly d20 (20-sided polyhedral dice) and d8 (8-sided polyhedral dice) is often unbalanced, and more likely to roll certain numbers.
How to Test How Random Your Dice Is
Although it may not be the most accurate way to test how random your dice is, one relatively quick test you can do involves just a container, some water, and some salt:
- 1.Get a container that can fit the die you want to test
- 2.Fill the container with water, then add salt and the die to the water – if the die doesn't float, add more salt until the die floats
- 3.Flick the die and take note of which side faces upwards – repeatedly flick the dice and record the results
For a well-balanced die, you can expect a variety of numbers. If it is not well balanced, you will be more likely to notice certain numbers occurring more often. However, unless this test is performed numerous times, or the dice is heavily unbalanced, the user is not likely to notice a significant difference.
There are a number of companies that manufacture dice, and some more rigorous tests (than the one described above) have been performed on dice manufactured by different companies in an effort to determine how truly random the dice (mostly d20 dice) are. These studies confirmed that even dice manufactured within the same company under the same conditions could vary significantly from each other, and are not truly random. Some companies produced dice that were more random than others, but even then, they were not found to be truly random.
Virtual Dice vs Physical Dice
Virtual dice, like the one above, are almost always based on pseudo-random number generating algorithms, which are also not truly random. However, a virtual dice roll is likely more close to true randomness than most physical dice, as they don't suffer from manufacturing imperfections or wear and tear that can affect physical dice.
Common Uses for Dice
Tabletop Games
- 🎲Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) - Uses d4, d6, d8, d10, d12, and d20
- 🎲Monopoly - Classic board game using two d6
- 🎲Risk - Strategy game using multiple d6
- 🎲Yahtzee - Dice game using five d6
- 🎲Backgammon - Ancient game using two d6
- 🎲Settlers of Catan - Resource management using two d6
Other Applications
- ✓Education - Teaching probability and statistics
- ✓Random Selection - Making unbiased choices
- ✓Game Development - Testing game mechanics
- ✓Gambling - Casino games like Craps
- ✓Decision Making - Resolving tied situations
- ✓Divination - Historical fortune-telling practices
Understanding Dice Probability
Understanding the probability of dice rolls can help you make better decisions in games and understand the odds of different outcomes.
| Die Type | Sides | Probability per Face | Average Roll |
|---|---|---|---|
| d4 | 4 | 25% | 2.5 |
| d6 | 6 | 16.67% | 3.5 |
| d8 | 8 | 12.5% | 4.5 |
| d10 | 10 | 10% | 5.5 |
| d12 | 12 | 8.33% | 6.5 |
| d20 | 20 | 5% | 10.5 |
Multiple Dice Probability
When rolling multiple dice, the probability distribution changes. For example, rolling two d6:
- • Most common sum: 7 (16.67% chance)
- • Least common sums: 2 and 12 (2.78% chance each)
- • Total possible outcomes: 36
- • Average sum: 7
Tips for Using Virtual Dice
For Gaming
Use the presets for quick D&D rolls. The d20 is your main attack/skill check die, while damage dice vary by weapon.
For Statistics
Roll multiple dice to collect data for probability experiments and statistical analysis projects.
For Random Selection
Assign numbers to options and let the dice decide. Perfect for making unbiased choices in groups.
For Education
Teach children about probability, counting, and basic math operations using visual dice rolling.